A new study has revealed that environmental factors are significantly more influential than genetics in determining the risk of major diseases and premature death. Conducted by researchers from the University of Oxford, this extensive study, one of the largest of its kind, analyzed data from nearly half a million participants in the UK Biobank project. The findings highlight that environmental influences account for 17% of the variation in the risk of death, compared to less than 2% for genetic predisposition.
The researchers used an innovative method called an “age clock,” which measures biological ageing through blood protein levels. This biological data was then compared with detailed lifestyle and health information from participants. The study, published in Nature Medicine, found that environmental factors have a far greater impact than genetics on diseases of the lung, heart, and liver. Conversely, genetic predisposition played a more substantial role in conditions such as dementia and cancers of the breast, prostate, and bowel.
Among the 25 environmental factors identified, those with the greatest influence included smoking habits, socioeconomic status, physical activity levels, and living conditions. Notably, 23 of these factors were deemed modifiable. Elements such as employment status, sleep duration, diet, gym use, and even childhood weight were found to contribute to premature ageing and mortality. Early-life exposures, such as a mother smoking during pregnancy, were also shown to have long-lasting health effects.
Professor Cornelia van Duijn of Oxford Population Health emphasized the potential for prevention, stating that many environmental factors can be altered by individuals or addressed through public policies that promote healthier lifestyles and reduce harmful exposures. The research suggests that improving socioeconomic conditions, reducing smoking rates, and encouraging physical activity could mitigate the risks of chronic diseases globally.
Dr. Austin Argentieri, the study’s lead author, highlighted the importance of focusing on lifestyle and environmental interventions to prevent age-related diseases and premature deaths. Experts like Professor Bryan Williams from the British Heart Foundation and Professor Felicity Gavins from Brunel University also stressed the significance of tackling social inequalities and encouraging healthier behaviors.
Dr. Stephen Burgess from the University of Cambridge added that, while genetics can influence health outcomes, modifiable environmental factors play a much larger role for most common diseases, reinforcing that individuals and societies have substantial power to influence long-term health outcomes.
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