As the sizzling heat of summer envelops China, it’s fascinating to contemplate how the ancient Chinese managed to keep cool before modern conveniences like air conditioning and electric fans were even a thought. In the Chinese lunar calendar, Sanfu or the “dog days” indicate a 30 to 40-day span predicted to be the most scorching time of the year. This year, the fiery period kicks off on July 11.
Traditional Chinese medicinal theory advised minimal outdoor activities during these hottest days due to potential health risks associated with the soaring temperatures. Staying cool, therefore, was a matter of utmost importance in ancient China. Ingenious strategies were conceived to alleviate the discomfort of the summer heat.
One such method was through clothing. Light, thin fabrics were favored during hot and humid weather. Garments made from translucent silks were a preferred choice despite their revealing nature, as the fashion trends of the time were generally conservative. These summer dresses were designed with short, wide sleeves for maximum ventilation. However, silk was not economically accessible to everyone. Commoners in ancient China would typically don more affordable materials like bamboo fabrics and linens, which didn’t stick to the skin and helped to mitigate perspiration.
Another common method to beat the heat was through the use of handheld fans. The motion of waving a fan brought about instant relief by aiding the evaporation of sweat, especially when a damp towel was draped around the neck. This technique continues to be favored by many elders in China today, who consider it a natural and comfortable way to cool down.
Interestingly, cold treats, including ice cream and iced beverages, were originally considered luxuries consumed exclusively by the imperial court. Dating back to the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC), blocks of river ice were harvested and stored in underground ice houses. It wasn’t until the Tang Dynasty (618-907) when the use of saltpeter allowed for commercial ice production, making icy treats accessible beyond the imperial court. During the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), milk was added to these cold delights, giving birth to the world’s first ice cream prototype.
Innovative architectural designs also played a crucial role in keeping the summer heat at bay. For instance, the architectural complex in Chengde City, Hebei Province, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, was known for its cooling design features. This complex, comprising of palaces, temples, and China’s largest royal garden, served as the Qing imperial family’s summer retreat. Common folks would often live near artificial lakes and reservoirs, which were adorned with trees and flowers to increase air moisture and provide shade.
Unfolding the fascinating adaptations of ancient China in dealing with intense summer heat helps us appreciate the wisdom and resilience of these bygone civilizations, who ingeniously crafted ways to find comfort in nature’s harshest conditions.
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