The “996” work culture, characterized by 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. schedules, six days a week, is a controversial phenomenon that originated in China’s tech industry. Initially lauded as a driver of rapid growth, it has faced significant backlash due to its toll on employee well-being. Despite being declared illegal in China, the demanding schedule is now gaining traction in Western tech hubs, particularly among AI startups.
The Rise and Fall of 996 in China
The “996” work culture emerged during China’s tech boom in the 2010s, fueled by companies like Alibaba and Tencent aiming for breakneck expansion. Founders often romanticized long hours as a “huge blessing” and a symbol of ambition, with employees hoping for rapid promotions and stock options in return. However, this intense schedule led to widespread burnout, sleep deprivation, and mental health crises. Tragic incidents, including employee deaths, brought the issue to national attention, culminating in a viral GitHub protest titled “996.ICU.” In August 2021, China’s Supreme People’s Court officially declared the 996 model illegal, citing violations of labor law and harm to workers’ well-being.
Silicon Valley’s Embrace of the Hustle
Despite its negative connotations and legal status in China, the “996” schedule is experiencing a resurgence in Western tech companies, particularly in the United States. Startups, especially those in the competitive AI field, are increasingly incorporating this demanding schedule into their culture. Some companies explicitly state 70-hour-plus workweeks in job descriptions, and prospective employees are often screened on their willingness to adhere to such hours. This trend echoes sentiments like Elon Musk’s “extremely hardcore” ultimatum to X employees. Proponents argue that in a fast-paced market, especially with AI advancements, intense work is crucial for speed and competitive advantage. Some younger employees, inspired by tech legends, view such dedication as a path to building impactful companies.
The Dangers of Diminishing Returns and Burnout
While the allure of rapid success drives the adoption of “996,” a growing body of research points to its detrimental effects. Studies indicate that productivity significantly drops after 50-hour workweeks, and prolonged hours can lead to impaired judgment, burnout, and decreased creativity. For startup founders, this can translate into poor decision-making and increased attrition. Investors are also recognizing the risks, with some firms implementing well-being programs to support founders. Furthermore, demanding excessive hours can limit a startup’s ability to attract talent and scale effectively. The argument that longer hours are necessary for success is challenged by data showing that countries with shorter workweeks often achieve higher output per worker.
Lessons for India and Beyond
The debate around “996” has extended to other nations, notably India, where a prominent figure suggested adopting a similar work ethic for accelerated growth. However, China’s experience serves as a cautionary tale. International data suggests that countries with shorter average working hours, such as those in Western Europe, maintain high living standards and strong economic performance. India, already having long workweeks, faces challenges with labor productivity. Experts emphasize that sustainable growth hinges not just on the quantity of hours worked, but on the quality of work, efficiency of systems, and the well-being of the workforce. The focus should be on improving productivity through skills, technology adoption, and managerial efficiency rather than simply extending workdays.